Roots reconstructed for Proto-Arhoan and derived proto-languages[]
| Proto-Arhoan |
Proto-Western Arhoan |
Proto-Eastern Arhoan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *kí-a |
to do |
*-ča |
agentive derivational suffix |
*kí-n- |
to do |
| *ahte- |
to make |
*ahte- |
to do |
*athe- |
to make |
| *maka- |
to create |
*maga- |
to make, to create |
*maga- |
to create |
| *-ta |
agentive derivational suffix |
*-ta |
[unproductive, few lexicalized words] |
*-ta |
agentive derivational suffix |
| *kèama |
man |
*čæama |
man |
*kjama |
man |
| *vúrki |
wolf |
*vúldži |
wolf |
*vúrki |
wolf |
| *kyrèi |
dog |
*kylæj |
dog |
*kirji |
dog |
| *ròtòu |
wheel, circle |
*ladau |
wheel, circle |
*rodou |
circle, ring |
| *-he |
nominalizer |
*-he |
unproductive, lexicalized |
*-(h)e |
[unproductive, lexicalized] |
| *-m- |
nominalizer |
*-m- |
productive |
*-m- |
productive |
| *aj- |
one |
*ajse |
one |
*ajme |
one |
| *haksa |
two |
*haksa |
two |
*aksa |
two |
| *tarum |
three |
*tarum |
three |
*tarum |
three |
| *mèate |
four |
*mæade |
four |
*mjade |
four |
| *nejnoe |
five |
*nejnoe |
five |
*nejnoe |
five |
| *kasús |
six |
*kazús |
six |
*kazús |
six |
| *pajsòa |
seven |
*pajsá |
seven |
*pajsoa |
seven |
| *assén |
eight |
*assén |
eight |
*assén |
eight |
| *utohsa |
nine |
*utohsa |
nine |
*utósa |
nine |
| *metsos |
ten |
*mecos |
ten |
*metsos |
ten |
| *metmet |
hundred |
*medmet |
hundred |
*metmet |
hundred |
| *kaisrá |
great number, many |
*kaislǽ |
thousand |
*kaisrá |
many |
| *hiki- |
to speak, to tell |
*hidži- |
to speak |
*igi- |
to tell |
| *har- |
high |
*hal-se |
high |
*arva- |
high |
| *taòn- |
big, large |
*tán-va |
big, large |
*taon- |
big, large |
| *-ko- |
verbalizer |
*-ko- / -go- |
productive |
*-ko- / -go- |
unproductive, few lexicalized forms |
| *taòn-ko- |
to enlarge |
*tángo- |
to enlarge |
*taonko- |
to enlarge |
| *-se |
adjectivizer |
*-se |
productive |
*-se |
unproductive |
| *-va |
adjectivizer |
*-va |
unproductive, few lexicalized forms |
*-va |
unproductive, many lexicalized forms |
| *hiki-m-u |
word |
*idžimu |
word |
*igimu |
word |
| *tapòa |
war |
*tabá |
war |
*taboa |
war |
| *-ja- |
verbalizer |
*-ja- |
unproductive |
*-ja- |
productive |
| *tapòa-ja- |
to war |
*tabá-ja- |
to war |
*tapoa-ja- |
to war |
| *tapòa-ta/-ki-a |
warrior |
*tabá-dža |
warrior |
*taboa-ta |
warrior |
| *hèòp- |
to speak, to please |
*hæap- / *hæab- |
to please |
*eop- / *eob- |
to speak |
| *sít- |
to search |
*šít- |
to search |
*sít- |
to search |
| *-ra- |
completizer |
*-la- |
productive |
*- |
not finded |
| *sit-ra- |
to find |
*šíd-la- |
to find |
*- |
not finded |
| *hankè- |
to find, to meet |
*hangæ- |
to meet |
*anke- |
to find |
| *kaòt-i |
head |
*kádi |
head |
*kaodi |
skull |
| *teke-i |
bone |
*tedžei |
bone |
*tegei |
bone |
| *ker-m-i |
head, skull |
*čelmi |
head of animal |
*kermi |
skull |
| *tòr-i |
horn |
*tali |
horn |
*tormi |
horn |
| *hòat- |
to see |
*hát- / *hád- |
to see |
*oat- / *oad- |
to see |
| *séh- |
good |
*séh- |
good |
*sé-va |
good |
| *mák- |
wise |
*mák-se |
wise |
*mák-va |
wise |
| *ahet-u |
day |
*ahedu |
day |
*aedu |
day |
| *ryk-he-i / *ryk-m-i |
night |
*lygmi |
night |
*rikhei |
night |
| *hèur-i |
sun |
*hæuli |
sun |
*euri |
sun |
| *kóu-i |
moon, month |
*kóuhei |
moon, month |
*kóumi |
moon, month |
| *sòu-ja- / *sòu-ko- |
to light |
*saugo- |
to light |
*souja- |
to light |
| *pá- |
to stand |
*pǽ- |
to stand |
*pá- |
to stand |
| *ir- |
to be |
*il- |
to be |
*ir- |
to be |
| *het- |
to go |
*het- |
to go |
*et- |
to go |
| *tahi- |
to may, to be able |
*tahi- |
to may, to be able |
*taj- |
to may, to be able |
| *súk- |
to want, to desire |
*súk- / *súg- |
to want |
*súk- / *súg- |
to desire |
| *tampè- |
hard |
*tampæ- |
hard |
*tampe- |
hard |
| *híri- |
soft |
*híli- |
soft |
*íri- |
soft |
| *fás- |
breast |
*fásmi |
breast |
*fáshei |
breast |
| *mokot-i |
finger, toe |
*mogodi |
finger, toe |
mogodi |
finger, toe |
| *pèk- |
fire |
*pèkmi |
fire |
*pèkhei |
fire |
| *sahu-m-u |
smoke |
*sahumu |
smoke |
*saumu |
smoke |
| *apam- |
to work |
*abam- |
to work |
*abam- |
to work |
| *tèpè- |
to burn |
*tæpæ- |
to burn |
*tepe- |
to burn |
| *kisu- |
to desire |
*čizu- |
to desire |
*kizu- |
to wish |
| *rèv- |
to let |
*læv- |
to let |
*rev- |
to let |
| *ikru |
ice |
*iglu |
ice |
*ikru |
ice |
| *javi |
water |
*javi |
water |
*javi |
water |
| *íramu |
cloud |
*ílamu |
cloud |
*íramu |
cloud |
| *keser |
hand |
*kezel |
hand |
*kezer |
hand |
| *asár |
blood |
*azál |
blood |
*azár |
blood |
| *hepi |
eye |
*hepi |
eye |
*epi |
eye |
| *arhòi |
bear |
*alhai |
bear |
*aroi |
bear |
| *herki |
deer |
*helgi |
deer |
*erki |
deer |
| *mahtoi |
moose |
*mahtoi |
moose |
*mathoi |
moose |
| *atá- |
to lead |
*adǽ- |
to lead |
*adá- |
to lead |
| *atá-ki-a/-ta |
leader |
*adǽdža |
leader |
*adáta |
leader |
| *siheu |
true |
*šiheu |
true |
*siheu |
true |
| *teterki |
beaver |
*cedzeldži |
beaver |
*tederki |
beaver |
| *pihsi |
mouse |
*pihši |
mouse |
*písi |
mouse |
| *rauhai |
lynx, bobcat |
*lauhai |
lynx, bobcat |
*ravai |
lynx, bobcat |
| *òtkòu |
coast, bank |
*atkau |
coast, bank |
*otkou |
coast, bank |
| *táre- |
long |
*tǽle- |
long |
*táre- |
long |
| *kente- |
short |
*čende- |
short |
*kente- |
short |
| *píti |
bee |
*píci |
bee |
*píti |
bee |
| *torhoi |
drone, wasp |
*tolhoi |
wasp |
*toroi |
drone |
| *jánta |
woman |
*jǽnda |
woman |
*jánta |
woman |
| *tupu- |
to dig |
*tubu- |
to dig |
*tubu- |
to dig |
| *kuf- |
to fit |
*kuf- / *kuv- |
to fit |
*kuf- / *kuv- |
to fit |
| *fársi |
horse |
*fǽlzi |
horse |
*fársi |
horse |
| *okvai |
seal |
*okvai |
seal |
*okvai |
seal |
| *tuntoi |
whale, great fish |
*tundoi |
great fish |
*tuntoi |
whale |
| *askèa |
fish |
*askæa |
perch |
*askja |
fish |
| *tuhuki |
animal |
*tuhuči |
animal |
*túki |
animal |
| *hanòa |
ghost |
*haná |
ghost |
*anoa |
ghost |
| *asa |
father |
*aza |
father |
*aza |
father |
| *ama |
mother |
*ama |
mother |
*ama |
mother |
| *òtja |
brother |
*adza |
brother |
*otja |
brother |
| *tètka |
sister |
*cætka |
sister |
*tetka |
sister |
| *ashèa |
son |
*ašhèa |
son |
*ashja |
son |
| *amhèa |
daughter |
*amhæa |
daughter |
*amja |
daughter |
| *tureha |
grass |
*tuleha |
grass |
*turja |
grass |
| *kerfu |
leaf |
*čelvu |
leaf |
*kerfu |
leaf |
| *matsènu |
knife |
*macænu |
knife |
*matsenu |
knife |
| *kipu |
stone |
*čibu |
stone |
*kibu |
stone |
| *keormu |
tribe |
*čeolmu |
tribe |
*kjormu |
tribe |
| *tèòfu |
house |
*cæavu |
house |
*tjovu |
house |
| *pòaru |
mountain |
*pálu |
mountain |
*poaru |
mountain |
| *hampai |
oak |
*hambai |
oak |
*ampai |
oak |
| *tantèhi |
tree |
*tandæhi |
tree |
*tantei |
tree |
| *hapou |
river |
*habau |
river |
*abou |
river |
| *tòpu |
hill |
*tabu |
hill |
*topu |
hill |
| *òanheu |
earth, ground |
*ánheu |
earth, ground |
*oaneu |
earth, ground |
| *tehenmu |
sky |
*tehenmu |
sky |
*ténmu |
sky |
| *tehma |
god |
*tehma |
god |
*téma |
god |
| *perku |
foot |
*pelgu |
foot |
*perku |
foot |
| *ahsi |
sea, lake |
*ahši |
lake |
*ási |
sea |
| *eikeu |
village |
*eigeu |
village |
*eigeu |
village |
| *murku |
milk |
*mulgu |
milk |
*murku |
milk |
| *vaitoi |
flower |
*vaidoi |
flower |
*vaitoi |
flower |
Western-Arhoan substratum - Ätlan language[]
Ätlan phonology[]
/p t k/ [p t k] /b d g/ [b d g] /t͡s t͡ʃ/ [c č] /d͡z d͡ʒ/ [dz dž] /s ʃ h/ [s š h] /v z ʒ/ [v z ž] /m n/ [m n] /l/ [l] /j/ [y]
/i u/ [i u] /e o/ [e o] /ə/ [ə] /æ ɒ/ [ä a]
/æi ɒi ei əi oi ui/ /æu ɒu eu əu ou iu/
CVC
| Ätlan | → | Eastern Arhoan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mäläm | ant | mælæmi | ant | |
| hapal | apple | habalu | apple | |
| tahan | bow | tahanu | bow | |
| məməs- | raw | məms- | raw | |
| bakkə | child | bakka | child | |
| peč | field | pedžu | field | |
| čalak | worm | čaladži | worm | |
| neišə | snow | neišu | snow | |
| darta | wood | dardau | wood | |